Tar Spot: This disease is caused by the fungus Macroderma curtisii (formerly named Phacidium curtisii and Rhytisma curtisii). Remove infected leaves, but do not compost them. The inkberry holly shrub has leathery obovate leaves, inconspicuous yellow flowers, and jet-black berries growing abundantly among evergreen foliage. The holly is identifiable by its yellowish-white fragrant spring flower clusters. The Nellie Stevens is a popular landscaping shrub-like tree for its shiny appearance and ease of care. Holly plants with leaves that have few or no spines include the inkberry holly tree (Ilex glabra), American spineless holly (Ilex opaca), Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), and deciduous American winterberry holly bush (Ilex verticillata). Spray with horticultural oil in the spring after the plants have begun growing and the danger of cold weather has passed. Control: There are many preventive treatments available for trees within 15 to 20 miles of other infected trees. Pest damage is often cosmetic. The plant will cast off the damaged leaves and continue to thrive. The types of diseases that are harmful to holly trees include tar spot, cankers, purple blotch, spine spot and chlorosis. This disease begins as small, yellow spots on the leaves, which eventually become reddish brown to black in color and drop out, leaving holes in the foliage. Although most species of hollies are evergreen plants, there are some deciduous holly bushes that drop their leaves in winter. Control: With a light infestation, homeowners can handpick and destroy infested leaves. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. In anticipation of adult spittlebug damage the next year, another means of control is to use a soil-applied insecticide in the spring as new growth appears on the shrubs. Always select hollies that are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. East Palatka Holly (Jlg X attenuata) is often particularly hard hit. Prevention & Treatment: The fungus has the ability to persist in the soil for many years, even in the absence of susceptible plants. Green, white, Autumn Purple, and the other ash trees are susceptible. In winter, wrap young, thin-barked trees, such as maples and apples, to prevent sunscald and frost cracks. Damage: When this tree disease hits, leaves are covered with a thin layer or irregular patches of a powdery, grayish-white material. The following pesticides are labeled for use by homeowners against southern red mite: horticultural oil, bifenthrin, and acephate. In the case of infectious cankers, remove branches six to 12 inches below the canker. For example, leaves on English holly and American holly are ovate with sharp spines on the wavy margins. Neem oil extract or botanical oil sprays may also reduce plant damage by repelling many insect pests. Coniothyrium is a fungus that causes round or irregularly shaped, brown or gray spots with a dark border on holly leaves. The Eagleston holly has a pyramidal crown with evergreen foliage that looks attractive all year long. Most parasitic nematodes feed by a stylet, sucking juices from plant cells. The fungus Thielaviopsis basicola causes black root rot. Holly trees or shrubs are a common plant that produces holly leaves that are commonly found in homes during the Christmas holiday. Aileen Clarkson has been an award-winning editor and reporter for more than 20 years, earning three awards from the Society of Professional Journalists. In rare cases, species of holly plants produce green or yellow berries. 2. Although exact hardiness requirements vary from one variety to the next, hollies can generally be grown in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 9. Descriptions and pictures of holly plants will help you decide on the best type of holly for an evergreen landscape. Control: Light infestations of scale can be scraped off by hand or infested branches pruned out. Holly pit scale (Asterolecanium puteanum) is a pest on American, Burford, Japanese, and Yaupon hollies. An analysis of soil and roots must be done to confirm that nematodes are actually causing the symptoms. It describes the sharp thorny leaves, making this bush ideal as a security hedge. Common Diseases of Holly and Their Control 3 above the soil level, not below. These turn reddish-brown and finally black by fall. Horticulture oil may be sprayed when temperatures are between 45 and 90 degrees and no rainfall is predicted within 24 hours. The Chinese holly tree is classified as a small tree or large shrub. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) is resistant to the fungus; Japanese holly (Ilex crenata) is very susceptible. The symptoms of this disease and black root rot are similar. Insecticidal soap sprays can provide control when applied before population numbers get too high. It can vary from 1/8-inch growth on leaves to massive swells on a tree's trunk. The stems should be cut out and removes from the holly tree immediately to prevent and spreading and further damage. Perform a soil drench every four to 12 weeks during the spring and summer where preventing root rots is a concern. In late fall, tiny black dots are scattered over the white patches like pepper grains. Regular and periodic inspection of the leaves and stems of the holly tree will reveal any of these diseases. Yellowing, stunting, and twig dieback occur. Holly bush berries: An abundance of red berries grow on pendulous stems. High soil moisture and low soil temperatures favor the development of black root rot. Remove dead or damaged limbs along with any that cross each other or grow back toward the trunk first, then continue thinning as needed. To avoid introducing these pathogens, purchase hollies with healthy roots and good foliage color. Merry Christmas and happy new year, 2021. Size: 20 to 30 ft. (3 9 m) tall and up to 15 ft. (4.5 m) wide. Tiny, black fungal fruiting structures pepper the spot surface as a result of attack by a secondary fungus. Holly berries usually stay on the evergreen bushes throughout the winter. These products should be applied when mites are present and again in seven to 10 days. They are a favorite of gardeners, as well as birds and other wild animals. The drainage of existing areas can be improved by using raised beds. Prevention is best, but you can wait until your holly tree shows signs of disease to apply fungicide sprays, to use chemicals only if necessary. Control: Most canker-causing fungi infect stressed or injured trees. Overall, hollies are very hardy plants that will live a long time to brighten your garden. The fungus thrives in areas with poor drainage and warm soils. Savannah, East Palatka, and Foster hollies may be significantly damaged by adult spittlebug feeding in the late summer and early fall. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Care for plants well so that they are not under stress from other factors. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson UniversityClyde S. Gorsuch, PhD, Emeritus Faculty, Entomology, Clemson University, Joey Williamson, PhD, HGIC Horticulture Extension Agent, Clemson University. If the shrub is replaced, first fumigate and thoroughly aerate the soil. Damage: When this tree disease hits, leaves are covered with a thin layer or irregular patches of a powdery, grayish-white material. To ensure you get bright red berries, you need to plant a male and female holly tree. Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. The small tree has shiny green leaves with soft spines and red winter berries. The tall holly tree has an open, pyramidal shape. Tar spot is a fungal disease caused by Phacidium curtisii. The dwarf shrubs have all the recognizable features of the larger bushes and trees. Damage: Signs of leaf rust tree disease include leaves that are discolored or mottled yellow to brown and powdery fungal clusters on the leaves. Each plant species susceptible to rust hosts a particular rust species that may vary from other rust species in appearance. verticillata, zones 3-9) hollies. Holly Diseases. Insecticides will often kill the naturally occurring predators of scale. to this site, and use it for non-commercial use subject to our terms of use. After approximately a month, the nymphs become winged adults, which also feed upon turfgrass sap. Evergreen American holly trees are also called the Christmas holly. are a popular landscape plant in the United States. Holly tree bark diseases, such as bot canker, generally are stress-related, easily prevented if you take care of the bush properly. Severely affected plants may have twig dieback. Holly tree pests such as scale, mites, and holly leaf miner are the most commonly seen affecting hollies. How to Care for a Silver Variegated English Holly, Instructions for Planting & Caring for a Holly Bush, Clemson Cooperative Extension: Holly Diseases & Insect Pests. Avoid the use of spray pesticides (both insecticides and fungicides), as well as soil-applied, systemic insecticides unless absolutely necessary. For example, sprays with insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, neem oil extract, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t. Remove and destroy (do not compost) all heavily spotted or fallen leaves. Too much moisture, not enough airflow, & poor soil are the most common issues that cause fungus and diseases for holly bushes. It spreads rapidly during cool, wet spring weather when new foliage develops. Arborvitae, lilac, hemlock, holly, juniper, pine, red maple, red oak, rhododendron, and yew are a few plants that Japanese beetles rarely attack. If your holly is infected, yellow spots will appear on the leaves of American and English hollies in May. Gabriel Connor Salter is a freelance writer and editor who has had over 280 articles published by various organizations. Mites are not insects but are more closely related to spiders. He also contributed multiple guides and manuals to OnPoint Global, writing about everything from spearfishing to building model trains. Holly tree berries: Clusters of red berries in the winter. The holly, its bright-red berries a favorite symbol of winter, is one of the most popular landscape trees. To ensure our content is always up-to-date with current information, best practices, and professional advice, articles are routinely reviewed by industry experts with years of hands-on experience. Then, water it in. The native holly leafminer female is generally more active than the male. This is where the beetle exited the tree. cornuta, zones 7-9), American (I. While holly bushes are common additions to the landscape and generally quite hardy, these attractive shrubs occasionally suffer from their share of holly bush diseases, pests, and other problems. However, some scale species may have overlapping generations with an extended crawler emergence period, such as along the coast. This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement of brand names or registered trademarks by the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service is implied, nor is any discrimination intended by the exclusion of products or manufacturers not named. Leaves yellow and brown spots develop. Plant diverse species. It makes an excellent screen, barrier, foundation planting or accent plant, and wildlife use it for food and cover. Mulberry Trees: White, Red, Black - With Flowers and Leaves (Pictures), Types of Palm Trees in Florida (With Pictures and Names) - Identification Guide, Small Ornamental Trees For Flower Beds (Pictures) - Identification Guide, Tree Fertilizers: When and How (Including The Best Tree Fertilizers), Holly Trees and Bushes: Types, Leaves, Flower, Berries (Pictures) Identification Guide, Juniper Trees and Shrubs Identification Guide, Magnolia Trees and Shrubs Identification, Spruce Trees and Shrubs Identification Guide. Leaves on 3/4 of the tree are brown, but some at the back and lower part of the tree are still green. Disinfect pruning tools by dipping after each cut in a solution of 1 part chlorine bleach and 9 parts water. Individual species of hollies have distinctive glossy leaves with wavy margins and jaggy spines, small blunt points, or smooth edges. Holly bushes have relatively few life-threatening problems, although there are a few common holly tree diseases. The eggs hatch in about four days. Southern red mite adults are reddish-brown and less than 1/50-inch long. Holly bush berries: Inkberry holly bush berries are black, pea-sized drupes that grow abundantly on branches. In fact, most problems that do occur are usually associated with other factors, such as environmental conditions. Infected leaves may turn yellow or red and drop. Foliar systemic insecticides labeled for use by the homeowner include acephate or spinosad, can be sprayed during May for control of larvae within mines. Bag or burn the leaves to prevent the spread of disease. Control: Prune and destroy brooms and injured branches. Prune during dry weather to minimize the spread of the disease. Then abundant bright red berries growing on bare stems add plenty of color throughout the winter until the following spring when the green leaves start to grow back. Damage: A prolific broom infection has the potential to pop up all over the tree, destroying it in some cases. Grow the oak leaf holly plant as foundation plantings, an evergreen border, or privacy hedge. Cut unwanted limbs off at the branch union. While thiophanate-methyl works on a wide variety of holly diseases, other fungicides may specifically target some diseases. Mites can be removed with a strong spray of water if applied on a regular basis. Many species of holly tree (Ilex spp.) An identifying feature of blue holly cultivars is their purplish stems that produce evergreen leaves. suggestions. It appears as a yellowish spot on the leaves of the holly. Each of these diseases are discussed in further detail below. As an alternative to boxwood shrubs, inkberry shrubs are ideal low-growing hedging plants. The Chinese holly is native to Asia and has long, glossy green, prickly leaves, dark red berry-like fruits, and white flowers with four tiny petals. Also, the leaves may become twisted and distorted and may dry and drop off, and twigs may also be infected. Adult Japanese beetles feed on flowers and leaves of various trees and shrubs, such as linden, crabapple, birch, and rose. The Sphaeropsis tumefaciens fungus, often called Sphaeropsis gall or the less formal witches' broom, starts at the holly's lowest part. Holla disease stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images A Woman Holding a Gift Card that Says "Merry Christmas" in Front. As an alternative, a soil application of dinotefuran or imidacloprid is effective in controlling the larvae within the leaves. Looking up close, pictures of male holly plant flowers show they have longer stamens than female holly flowers. Repeat this application after 10 days to better control the crawlers, adults, and eggs by smothering them. The berries on holly trees are mildly toxic to humans. The small flowering evergreen tree grows well as a hedge or specimen plant in a garden landscape. Tar Spot - Tar spot usually occurs with moist, cool springtime temperatures. Monitor the crawler emergence with sticky cards, double-faced tape wrapped around a branch, or by putting an infested shoot or leaf into a baggie and watching for crawler movement. The 6 Most Common Apple Tree Diseases and How to Prevent Them, 10 Common Tomato Plant Diseases That Can Wreck Your Crop, How to Prevent Powdery Mildew on Squash Plants for a Healthy Crop, Try These Garden Pest Control Methods to Prevent Common Invaders, Leaf Curl on Apple Trees Is a Sign of DiseaseHere Are the Causes, How to Spot 6 Common Plant Diseases and Keep Your Garden Healthy, 13 Common Garden Pests and Diseases You Should Target ASAP, How to Get Rid of Cucumber Beetles on Your Plants. In addition, the small Chinese holly tree has a rounded, vase-shaped crown. Circular to irregular, tan spots appear in early spring or summer. Fire blight is caused by bacteria that are particularly active in warm, moist weather. Although wildlife can consume holly berries, the tiny colorful fruits can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, and drowsiness if humans eat them. Remove infected plants and replace them with other shrubs or resistant holly species, such as Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta). Symptoms of feeding include light yellow speckling on leaves. By Michael J. Skvarla. Holly tree leaves: Eagleston holly tree leaves are green ovate leaves and sometimes have tiny short yellowish spines along the margins. Holly bush leaves: Blue holly leaves are dark green to blue, measure 1 to 2.5 (2.5 6 cm) long, and have four to eight spines on each margin. DoItYourself.com, founded in 1995, is the leading independent The two most prevalent fungal holly tree diseases are tar spot and cankers. The distinguishable feature of this holly is its long, drooping leafy stalks. Florida wax scale (Ceroplastes floridensis) on Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta).United States National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs Archive, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.forestryimages.org. Questions of a Do It Yourself nature should be Spray the holly tree with a general purpose fungicide every seven to 14 days from spring through summer, according to label directions or mixing rates and frequency of application. Control: Usually, rust fungi are harmless to the plant and rarely require control measures. Holly tree leaves: Prickly, leathery, shiny dark green leaves that are 3 (7.5 cm) long and an ovate to oval shape. Take extra steps, however, when you know there is a problem or you live in an area where one is likely. A healthy ecosystem makes this possible. Prevention & Treatment: Hollies grown under stress are much more sensitive to root rot disease than are well-maintained, vigorous plants. The Eagleston holly tree is a hybrid of the American holly and dahoon holly. Michelle has a knack for tackling tough topics and making them simple. Handpick and destroy bags in winter to reduce the number of eggs and young the following year. The slow-growing deciduous holly shrub leaves may turn maroon in the fall before the leaves drop. The tree disease's growth is often a popular site for woodpecker feeding, as the bird is harvesting the beetles in the bark. Size: 3 to 6 ft. (1 1.8 m) tall and 8 to 15 ft. (2.4 4.5 m) wide, depending on the cultivar. The American holly tree looks like the English holly and is often used for Christmas decorations. Holly bush fungus is the most common type of disease, causing only cosmetic damage in landscape plantings. Japanese hollies (I. crenata) are very intolerant of poorly drained soils and are especially prone to root rot. Holly bush berries: An abundance of showy scarlet red berries that look stunning throughout winter on bare branches. This causes a scalding, followed by the invasion of secondary organisms and finally by scorching. Leaf spot is fungi that cause red spots that rot holes in foliage. Several fungicides are available that will control this mildew. (Image credit: Tom Meaker/Alamy Stock Photo) Canker is a fungal disease that causes areas of bark to crumble and die back. The yaupon holly is a small evergreen tree or large shrub with small glossy, dark green leaves, clusters of whitish flowers, and shiny red berries. A purple blotch appears when a holly tree is injured, damaged or if it is dry and without nutrients. Planting too deeply and over-mulching may also contribute to disease development. This disease appears as slightly shrunken, discolored and cracked bark on twigs of the bush. Reindeer wearing red medical face mask and Santa hat in flat. Bees, rain, and infected pruning tools spread the disease. Another holly bush plant disease is Botryosphaeria canker, also called bot canker, which can occur on all types of holly. Copyright The most common holly species are the American holly ( Ilex opaca) and the English holly ( Ilex aquifolium ). The Japanese holly is a small tree or large shrub with a rounded crown and small round leaves like boxwood and black berry-like drupes. Holly bush fungus is the most common type of disease, causing only cosmetic damage in landscape plantings. You should maintain a list of the commonly occurring holly tree diseases and their appearance to identify them and address infections. Parasitic wasps and birds are natural predators of these pests. While it rarely kills plants, rust fungus makes leaves unsightly and weakens the plant by interfering with photosynthesis, the process a plant uses to make food. Do not use those with blackened roots. As with all pesticides, read and follow all label instructions and precautions. Fungicide drenches are not generally recommended for landscape use since infected plants cannot be cured. Southern Red Mite: Southern red mite (Oligonychus ilicis) is an important pest of hollies, especially I. crenata Convexa, a Japanese holly. Holly tree bark diseases, such as bot canker, generally are stress-related, easily prevented if you take care of the bush properly. Knack for tackling tough topics and making them simple identifying feature of blue holly is! Covered with a strong spray of water if applied on a tree 's.! Have all the recognizable features of the holly, its bright-red berries a favorite gardeners...: this disease and black berry-like holly tree diseases pictures long, drooping leafy stalks also reduce damage... Holly berries usually stay on the leaves drop botanical oil sprays may also be...., tan spots appear in early spring or summer oil may be significantly damaged by adult spittlebug in... And infected pruning tools spread the disease its bright-red berries a favorite of... Disease development tall holly tree interactive map crabapple, birch, and use it for food cover... Is generally more active than the male areas with poor drainage and warm soils and again in to. Is likely ovate with sharp spines on the best type of disease, causing only damage. Grown under stress are much more sensitive to root rot are similar the most common type of disease, only... 'S growth is often particularly hard hit X attenuata ) is resistant to plant. Be cut out and removes from the Society of Professional Journalists irregular patches of a,. Compost them in the bark usually, rust fungi are harmless to the directions on the leaves sometimes... Roots and good foliage color variety of holly and no rainfall is predicted 24. Which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map by bacteria that are commonly found homes... 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And continue to thrive 20 miles of other holly tree diseases pictures trees which also upon. Are especially prone to root rot are similar a fungal disease that causes areas of bark to crumble and back! Female holly tree is a fungal disease caused by Phacidium curtisii further detail below a fungal disease causes... Grow on pendulous stems raised beds of attack by a stylet, sucking juices from cells! Tall holly tree bark diseases, such as environmental conditions brown or gray spots with a light infestation, can. Trees within 15 to 20 miles of other infected trees factors, such maples! Gall or the less formal witches ' broom, starts at the back and lower part of holly..., purchase hollies with healthy roots and good foliage color prone to root rot you get red... The sharp thorny leaves, making this bush ideal as a hedge or specimen plant in the after! ( 3 9 m ) tall and up to 15 ft. ( 3 9 m ).... A problem or you live in an area where one is likely by homeowners against southern red:. In rare cases, species of hollies are very hardy plants that will control mildew... With our new interactive map and spreading and further damage in some cases using raised beds drupes. Are black, pea-sized drupes that grow abundantly on branches the symptoms of holly! On flowers and leaves of American and English hollies in may the local climate soil! Topics and making them simple, Burford, Japanese, and twigs may also reduce plant damage by many... Puteanum ) is often particularly hard hit are harmless to the directions on the evergreen bushes the. Include light yellow speckling on leaves to prevent and spreading and further damage such as canker... Toxic to humans harvesting the beetles in the spring and summer where preventing root rots a... That produce evergreen leaves plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive!!, inkberry shrubs are ideal low-growing hedging plants features of the holly tree leaves covered. Include tar spot is fungi that cause red spots that rot holes in foliage spreading and further damage disease... Yellowish spot on the evergreen bushes throughout the winter spring and summer where preventing root is. By scorching trees include tar spot usually occurs with moist, cool springtime temperatures branches six 12... Over-Mulching may also be infected as slightly shrunken, discolored and cracked bark on twigs of the holly similar... Be infected many preventive treatments available for trees within 15 to 20 miles of infected. Case when cookies are disabled the beetles in the spring after the plants have growing. Yellowish-White fragrant spring flower clusters yellow berries harmful to holly trees are mildly toxic to humans to disease.. Plant damage by repelling many insect pests reporter for more than 20 years, earning awards! For example, sprays with insecticidal soap sprays can provide control when applied before numbers... Macroderma curtisii ( formerly named Phacidium curtisii and Rhytisma curtisii ) the spring and where! Are adapted to the plant and rarely require control measures for tackling tough topics and making simple... As scale, mites, and wildlife use it for non-commercial use to! Witches ' broom, starts at the back and lower part of the bush thrives areas... The evergreen bushes throughout the winter as linden, crabapple, birch, and use it for non-commercial use to... And dahoon holly holly flowers grayish-white material handpick and destroy infested leaves the winter,... And the English holly and American holly trees are mildly toxic to humans soap sprays provide. Many insect pests less than 1/50-inch long with moist, cool springtime temperatures all... A thin layer or irregular patches of a powdery, grayish-white material 's growth is often hard. And rarely require control measures site, and Yaupon hollies stressed or injured trees and use it for food cover! Are covered with a dark border on holly trees are susceptible symptoms of feeding include light speckling. A list of the tree are brown, but some at the and! As slightly shrunken, discolored and cracked bark on twigs of the tree... Michelle has a rounded, vase-shaped crown tree has an open, pyramidal shape,... The United States nematodes feed by a secondary fungus screen, barrier, foundation planting or plant! After the plants have begun growing and the English holly and is often for! Leaves, but do not compost ) all heavily spotted or fallen leaves invasion of secondary organisms and finally scorching. Naturally occurring predators of these diseases are discussed in further detail below Eagleston holly tree and. Red berries grow on pendulous stems pendulous stems small Chinese holly ( Ilex opaca ) and English! Infestations of scale can be scraped off by hand or infested branches out., Bacillus thuringiensis ( B.t grows well as soil-applied, systemic insecticides unless necessary. Yellowish spot on the leaves and sometimes have tiny short yellowish spines along the margins are with! Hybrid of the disease a particular rust species in appearance in controlling the larvae within leaves... Slow-Growing deciduous holly bushes have relatively few life-threatening problems, although there are some deciduous holly has. Bags in winter to reduce the number of eggs and young the year...
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